A Caution
Just remember…we might replace the RINO candidates. (Or we might not. The record is mixed even though there is more MAGA than there used to be.) But that will make no difference in the long run if the party officials, basically the Rhonna McDaniels (or however that’s spelled–I suspect it’s RINO), don’t get replaced.
State party chairs, vice chairs, secretaries and so on, and the same at county levels, have huge influence on who ultimately gets nominated, and if these party wheelhorses are RINOs, they will work tirelessly to put their own pukey people on the ballot. In fact I’d not be surprised if some of our “MAGA” candidates are in fact, RINO plants, encouraged to run by the RINO party leadership when they realized that Lyn Cheney (and her ilk) were hopelessly compromised as effective candidates. The best way for them to deal with the opposition, of course, is to run it themselves.
Running good candidates is only HALF of the battle!
SPECIAL SECTION: Message For Our “Friends” In The Middle Kingdom
I normally save this for near the end, but…basically…up your shit-kicking barbarian asses. Yes, barbarian! It took a bunch of sailors in Western Asia to invent a real alphabet instead of badly drawn cartoons to write with. So much for your “civilization.”
Yeah, the WORLD noticed you had to borrow the Latin alphabet to make Pinyin. Like with every other idea you had to steal from us “Foreign Devils” since you rammed your heads up your asses five centuries ago, you sure managed to bastardize it badly in the process.
Have you stopped eating bats yet? Are you shit-kickers still sleeping with farm animals?
Or maybe even just had the slightest inkling of treating lives as something you don’t just casually dispose of?
中国是个混蛋 !!!
Zhōngguò shì gè hùndàn !!!
China is asshoe !!!
And here’s my response to barbarian “asshoes” like you:
OK, with that rant out of my system…
Biden Gives Us Too Much Credit
…we can move on to the next one.
Apparently Biden (or his puppeteer) has decided we’re to blame for all of the fail in the United States today.
Sorry to disappoint you Joe (or whoever), but you managed to do that all on your own; not only that, you wouldn’t let us NOT give you the chance because you insisted on cheating your way into power.
Yep, you-all are incompetent, and so proud of it you expect our applause for your sincerity. Fuck that!!
It wouldn’t be so bad, but you insist that everyone else have to share in your misery. Nope, can’t have anyone get out from under it. Somehow your grand vision only works if every single other person on earth is forced to go along. So much as ONE PERSON not going along is enough to make it all fail, apparently.
In engineering school we’re taught that a design that has seven to eight billion single points of failure…sucks.
Actually, we weren’t taught that. Because it would never have occurred to the professors to use such a ridiculous example.
Justice Must Be Done.
The prior election must be acknowledged as fraudulent, and steps must be taken to prosecute the fraudsters and restore integrity to the system.
Lawyer Appeasement Section
OK now for the fine print.
This is the WQTH Daily Thread. You know the drill. There’s no Poltical correctness, but civility is a requirement. There are Important Guidelines, here, with an addendum on 20191110.
We have a new board – called The U Tree – where people can take each other to the woodshed without fear of censorship or moderation.
And remember Wheatie’s Rules:
1. No food fights
2. No running with scissors.
3. If you bring snacks, bring enough for everyone.
4. Zeroth rule of gun safety: Don’t let the government get your guns.
5. Rule one of gun safety: The gun is always loaded.
5a. If you actually want the gun to be loaded, like because you’re checking out a bump in the night, then it’s empty.
6. Rule two of gun safety: Never point the gun at anything you’re not willing to destroy.
7. Rule three: Keep your finger off the trigger until ready to fire.
8. Rule the fourth: Be sure of your target and what is behind it.
(Hmm a few extras seem to have crept in.)
Spot Prices
All prices are Kitco Ask, 3PM MT Friday (at that time the markets close for the weekend).
Last Week:
Gold $1,866.50
Silver $22.08
Platinum $956.00
Palladium $1,614.00
Rhodium $12,950.00
So here it is, Friday, 3PM MT after markets closed and we see:
Gold $1,843.20
Silver $21.81
Platinum $930.00
Palladium $1,583.00
Rhodium $11,900.00
Everything trending down. I don’t think I’ve seen palladium or rhodium this low in a long, long time. And those are likely to be good economic indicators as their uses are industrial.
Hyperbolic Orbits
We now turn to the remaining two-body case, the hyperbolic orbit. This is the sort of orbit an object is in whenever it is moving at above escape velocity.
You get a hyperbola whenever you slice through both “halves” of a cone. It doesn’t have to be vertically as shown in this diagram, the plane just has to be “vertical” enough in the diagram to not miss one of the two “halves” of the cone.
More formally, it’s going to look like this:
Note that this curve has two parts. An orbit will only be one of these two lines–the other is physically meaningless–and the focus for that line (F1 if it’s the right line, F2 if it’s the left) will be where the primary is. You can sketch a hyperbola by crossing two lines (the asymptotes) as in the diagram, then drawing a curve that never quite reaches the asymptotes (it gets closer and closer without ever reaching it, which is where the term “asymptotic” appears, as in “Trump’s administration asymptotically approached being able to actually arrest one of the people in the Deep State”) on either the left or right side of the X. Actually a not-uncommon trick is to draw a rectangle, make the crossed lines the diagonals of the rectangle, then sketch the hyperbola, with the vertex touching the middle of the sides of the rectangle. That point where it touches (and is closest to the focus) is the vertex and of course corresponds to periapsis. Apoapsis is at the ends of the line…which is infinitely far away. Mathematically speaking one end of the line is infinitely far in the past, the other infinitely far in the future, but of course in reality the object has to have come into being more recently than that, and closer than infinity, too.
Another way to draw a hyperbola is to graph the function 1/x. At 0, it’s undefined (or infinite, if you want to stretch a point), the line drops down from infinity until it reaches x=1, y=1, then zooms off to the right…but never reaches y=0. Though it can get so close you’d never be able to tell it wasn’t straight there. The asymptotes are the X and Y axes, and of course the thing is tilted at a 45 degree angle counterclockwise to the one in the diagram above.
And yet another way is to plot all of the points, whose distance from F1 minus their distance from F2 is some constant…and that constant is the distance between the vertices, or 2a. (And a here functions in many ways identically to the a in an elliptical orbit.) This is weirdly analogous to an ellipse, where the sum of the distances from any point on the ellipse to both foci is 2a.
The net effect of a “flyby” on a hyperbola is the object’s direction of travel is bent at some angle (the angle between the two asymptotes). To try to make this visualizable, imagine you are that object, just zipping along through space. If not interfered with, you’ll go in a straight line, at a constant speed (no friction to slow you down). But as it happens some large object (a star, say) is almost in your path. As you get closer and closer, it is pulling you towards it, so you speed up, and you pull off your path a bit; as you get closer and closer, you move faster and are pulled more and more off that straight line you were moving along. Then you fly past it. At that moment you’ve been bent pretty far off your former straight line path, and you are moving really, really fast. But now the process runs in reverse; the object pulling at you almost from behind slows you down and bends your path even more…but once you’re far away, you’re back to traveling a straight line, and nearly constant speed. But it’s a new straight line; the star bent your path.
You can determine whether or not you are in a hyperbolic orbit by measuring your speed and distance from the primary; just plug that distance into the escape velocity formula from last week; if your speed with respect to the primary is higher than that, you’re in a hyperbolic orbit, and you will escape from that primary. And furthermore, this is the only time you’ll encounter it. (To know the exact trajectory an object will follow, of course we will need its direction at that time, best determined with multiple measurements.)
This was famously demonstrated by ‘Oumuamua, an object that zipped through our solar system in a hyperbolic orbit back in 2017. It came from some other star, or maybe from the interstellar void. It was the first time we detected anything like that. It was discovered by the Pan-STARRS telescope on Maui (which spends a lot of time searching for comets and asteroids). ‘Oumuamua is the Hawai’ian word for “scout,” which was a perfect choice.
Here is a video AND a static diagram.
And here is another view…zoomed out quite a bit, Neptune’s orbit at about 30 AU is visible, whereas before Mars at 1.52 AU is the outer orbit in the diagram above. Mars is red in both diagrams. In the diagram below ‘Oumuamua is about to leave the upper left side of the picture. Also note the vertical lines which help give you a sense of ‘depth’ looking at the picture. The lines end at the plane of the planets’ orbits.
Here, from Wikipedia, are the orbital elements plus a few other things. The “epoch” for this is the 23rd of November 2017. (Other objects will pull on ‘Oumuamua and alter its orbit…I’ll have more to say about that sort of thing in future posts.)
| Perihelion | 0.255916±0.000007 AU |
|---|---|
| Semi-major axis | −1.2723±0.0001 AU[b] |
| Eccentricity | 1.20113±0.00002 |
| Average orbital speed | 26.33±0.01 km/s (interstellar)[10] 5.55 AU/year |
| Mean anomaly | 51.158° |
| Mean motion | 0° 41m 12.12s / day |
| Inclination | 122.74° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 24.597° |
| Argument of perihelion | 241.811° |
| Earth MOID | 0.0958 AU · 37.3 LD |
| Jupiter MOID | 1.454 AU |
An AU is the average distance between the Earth and the sun, so basically this thing got four times closer to the sun than Earth does; this was inside the orbit of Mercury. Note the inclination, the longitude of the ascening node, the argument of perihelion, all explained in past posts. And the eccentricity is greater than 1, just like for any hyperbola. The kicker, though, is the average orbital speed…26.33 kilometers per second. But that was its speed “way out there” (‘Oumuamua will spend 99.99999999999% of its existence out there) not its speed as it flew by the sun! Its maximum speed was 87.71 kilometers every second. To put that in perspective, earth’s orbital speed is about 29.7 kilometers per second. When it was the same distance from the sun as Earth is, it was moving at 49.67 km/sec–comfortably above the escape velocity here which is about 40 km/sec.
This encounter bent ‘Oumuamua’s straight line trajectory by 66 degrees.
Even at its interstellar speed of 26.33 kilometers per second, it covers 5.5 AU in a year, which means it covers the distance from the Sun to Jupiter (5.2 au) in less than a year.
The MOID numbers are how close the line of the orbit of ‘Oumuamua comes to the line of orbit of Earth and Jupiter. This is not how close the asteroid came to either planet though, because when ‘Oumuamua was closest to those orbits, those planets were nowhere near that point in their orbits. (MOID is used to assess the possible future risk of a collision. When both objects are in elliptical orbits and keep coming back to the same place time after time, they could, sometime perhaps millions of years from now, be at the points nearest each other’s orbits at the same time.)
‘Oumuamua turns out to be quite a puzzler. They’re not sure what it is made of; it didn’t outgas much like a comet would, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t made largely of ices; nitrogen ice is a candidate. And we simply don’t know whether it formed near some other star and got ejected from that star’s planetary system, or whether it might have coalesced deep in the interstellar void far from any star. (Wikipedia has more info than I have time this evening to read, much less relate.)
And that touches on a topic. I’ve described these orbits as if they will persist forever. They would, actually, if only there were just two bodies–primary and satellite–involved (there would be a minuscule amount of energy slowly radiated away by gravity waves, an effect not accounted for in Kepler’s and Newton’s work, but that is immeasurable over billions of years for planets and the like).
So how do things get ‘ejected’ from planetary systems? How do comets get kicked into the central part of the solar system where they get to play pinball with planets? How do comets’ orbits get altered so they are short period comets that come back again and again every few years or decades?
One answer, that applies mainly to comets is that as they heat up and outgas, the jet of gas acts like a rocket and nudges the comet into a slightly different orbit.
But that’s not the full explanation, nor even one that applies in all but a minority of cases (though it did affect ‘Oumuamua).
Satellites in orbit around Earth will be affected by the equatorial bulge; this effect can sometimes make 500 miles’ difference after one day of orbiting. The bulge affects, and is very definitely acted on by, the moon. But those effects are small for large orbits, like those of the planets around the sun.
No the real explanation is that there are more than two bodies in the universe, and sometimes that can make a big difference. And, just to make life interesting, those calculations are very time-intensive to do. (As the joke goes, “This is why God made computers.”)
We’ll take that up next time.
Obligatory PSAs and Reminders
China is Lower than Whale Shit
Remember Hong Kong!!!
中国是个混蛋 !!!
Zhōngguò shì gè hùndàn !!!
China is asshoe !!!
China is in the White House
Since Wednesday, January 20 at Noon EST, the bought-and-paid for His Fraudulency Joseph Biden has been in the White House. It’s as good as having China in the Oval Office.
Joe Biden is Asshoe
China is in the White House, because Joe Biden is in the White House, and Joe Biden is identically equal to China. China is Asshoe. Therefore, Joe Biden is Asshoe.
But of course the much more important thing to realize:
Joe Biden Didn’t Win
乔*拜登没赢 !!!
Qiáo Bài dēng méi yíng !!!
Joe Biden didn’t win !!!
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